Ḥajj is the fifth pillar: the pilgrimage to Makkah, obligatory once in a lifetime for every Muslim who has the health and the means to make it. Each year, millions of believers from every land gather at the sacred sites, answering a call that stretches back to Prophet Ibrāhīm (as).
Who must perform it
Ḥajj is required only once in a lifetime, and only for those who are able — those with the health to travel and enough wealth to cover the journey and their family's needs while away. Allah does not burden anyone beyond their means.
Key rites of Ḥajj
- Iḥrām — entering a state of worship, with men wearing two plain white cloths. This simple dress removes signs of rank and wealth so all appear equal.
- Ṭawāf — walking seven times around the Kaʿbah, the House of worship in Makkah.
- Standing at ʿArafah — gathering on the plain of ʿArafah in prayer and remembrance; this day is a central part of Ḥajj.
There are further rites over several days, but these are among the best known. The schools agree on the essentials while explaining finer details.
The unity of the ummah
At Ḥajj there are no separate lines for the powerful and the ordinary. Everyone circles the same Kaʿbah, stands on the same plain, and calls upon the same Lord. This living picture of the worldwide Muslim family (the ummah) leaves a deep impression on those who go.
Eid al-Aḍḥā
During the days of Ḥajj, Muslims everywhere celebrate Eid al-Aḍḥā, the festival of sacrifice. It recalls the willingness of Prophet Ibrāhīm (as) to obey Allah. Muslims pray the Eid prayer, and many share meat with family, neighbours and the poor, so that the joy and the blessing reach everyone.
Put these rites of Ḥajj in order:
- Entering the state of Iḥrām
- Ṭawāf — walking seven times around the Kaʿbah
- Standing at ʿArafah in prayer and remembrance